8 Headache Medicine, v.2, n.1, p.5-9, jan./feb./mar. 2011
role and level within a broader concept of disease
progression, which would hypothetically include these
syndromes.
Progression of symptoms in headache is common.
A longitudinal epidemiologic study found that 3% of
individuals with episodic headache (frequency from 2
to 104 days per year) progressed to chronic daily
headache (CDH, episode frequency >180 days per
year) in the course of a year.
(28)
The study concluded
that the incidence of CDH in subjects with episodic
headache is 3% per year. A one-year follow-up of 532
consecutive episodic migraine patients (<15 days per
month) found that 64 (14%) developed chronic daily
headache.
(29)
Despite its clinical relevance, the evidence of risk
factors for migraine progression is limited. The
prevalence of CDH has been reported to decrease
slightly with age and to be higher in women [odds ratio
(OR) = 1.65 (1.3 to 2.0)] and in divorced, separated,
or widowed individuals [OR = 1.50 (1.2 to 1.9)]. Social
risk factors have also been described: the risk of CDH in
individuals with less than high-school education was
threefold that of a college-educated sample [OR = 3.56
(2.3 to 5.6)].
(30)
CDH was also associated with a self-
reported diagnosis of arthritis [OR = 2.50 (1.9 to 3.3)],
diabetes [OR = 1.51 (1.01 to 2.3)],
(31)
previous head
trauma
(32
) and medication overuse.
(33)
Interestingly, the
highest risk factor described for development of CDH
was obesity [OR = 5.53 (1.4 to 21.8)].
(34)
A study
comparing 41 migraineurs with 41 medication overuse
headache (MOH) patients found that the latter showed
excess risk of suffering from mood and anxiety disorders
associated with use of psychoactive substances.
Psychiatric disorders occurred significantly more often
before rather than after the transformation from migraine
to medication overuse headache (MOH).
(35)
Most studies failed to explore one of the main issues
in migraine management: psychiatric comorbidity. Our
sample, although relatively small, showed a consistent
pattern of disease progression based on the onset of
symptoms described by patients. Recollection bias may
be present, but previous studies have utilized and validated
the same method.
(14)
The ideal methodology would be a
prospective study, but long term follow-up (decades) is
also very difficult.
This paper raises the possibility of early
pharmacological or non-pharmacological intervention for
adolescents or young adults with anxiety disorders in order
to prevent the future onset of migraine.
CONCLUSION
Psychiatric disorders, mostly anxiety and mood
disorders, are common in patients with CM. Anxiety
disorders may occur before the onset of episodic migraine
and be followed by depression and finally daily
headaches.
Psychiatric evaluation for CM patients may enhance
patient management and clinical outcomes. Even though
the present findings are limited by the cross-sectional
design of this study, the data suggests that anxiety disorders
may be an important risk factor for subsequent migraine
and that both anxiety and mood disorders play an
important role in migraine progression to CDH.
Therefore, early treatment of anxiety disorder and/
or episodic migraine may prevent long term
complications, such as depression and CM.
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